The neck - structure, function and common diseases

The neck (Latin: collum or cervix) is a component of the human body. It is the link between the head and torso. The neck stabilizes and moves the body by means of the neck muscles and spinal column. It consists of multi-layered tissue structures, including bones, muscles, tendons and cartilage. The neck also includes complex glandular tissue as well as veins and arteries.

In contrast to most other regions of the body, the neck region is relatively unprotected. The organs of the neck are only surrounded by a fine muscular layer and skin. For this reason, blows and injuries to the neck are often much more problematic than to the rest of the body.

Structure and anatomical structures

The beginning of the throat is located on the head immediately below the edge of the jaw. It is bounded from the front by the sternum and the collarbone. The neck is located at the back of the neck.

The spinal column describes the border area of the neck. It is located between the first and seventh cervical vertebrae. The first cervical vertebra is known as the atlas. It has the task of supporting the entire weight of the head. The term Atlas comes from Greek mythology and goes back to the Titan Atlas. He carried the weight of the heavens on his shoulders.

Next to the spine are important supply lines of the body, which are responsible for the supply of food and air, among other things. The main areas include the aorta (main artery), the trachea and windpipe and the vagus nerve (the tenth cranial nerve).

The trachea and windpipe are separated from each other by the larynx. It is the decisive organ for human speech. It contains the vocal cords. Sound production, speaking, singing or laughing are only possible through the larynx.

Below the larynx and directly in front of the windpipe is the thyroid gland. This endocrine gland is shaped like a butterfly and regulates the human hormone balance. The tonsils and lymph nodes of the lymphatic system are also located in the throat.

Tasks and functions

The function of the spinal column is to ensure the mobility of the entire head area. Breathing takes place via the trachea. The esophagus enables food to be transported to the stomach.

The larynx has two different functions. In relation to food intake, the epiglottis ensures that the food is transported safely into the designated esophagus. During the swallowing process, it closes the windpipe and thus ensures that the food does not enter the airways. The second function of the larynx concerns the vocal cords (vocal folds). They are able to vibrate and in this way produce the sound of the voice.

The thyroid gland produces the vital hormones L-thyroxine and triiodothyronine. They are essential for a functioning metabolism . In addition, the thyroid gland influences the consumption of oxygen in the body through cell metabolism. It also influences the conversion of nutrients (fat, carbohydrates, proteins) through energy metabolism. Thyroid hormones also influence the functioning of the cardiovascular system and processes in the gastrointestinal tract.

The tonsils and lymph nodes in the throat area are responsible for the functioning of the immune system. The tonsils are part of the so-called lymphatic pharyngeal ring. Its function is to form a defense barrier to prevent viruses and bacteria from entering the upper respiratory tract.

Common diseases in the throat area

One of the most common complaints in the throat area concerns mobility. It can be restricted by a variety of different symptoms. If there are no organic findings, a diagnosisof "stiff neck" is usually made. The causes are often muscular overload or long-term consequences of postural problems. Those affected complain of very painful and hardened muscles and have problems moving their neck in all directions. Physiotherapeutic measures, including primarily movement exercises, provide relief. If there are also signs of wear and tear or a disc problem, e.g. a herniated cervical disc, the treatment is lengthy and complex.

Sore throats are also a frequently mentioned complaint. It usually relates to inflammatory processes, for example in the form of a cold or tonsillitis. The symptoms of a cold are usually uncomplicated and can often be eliminated with household remedies. If the infection also affects the tonsils, a visit to the doctor is advisable.

Laryngeal diseases, such as a disease of the laryngeal mucosa, are also among the diseases in the throat area. Laryngitis is always caused by a viral infection and usually announces itself through hoarseness and a strong dry cough. If there is already considerable swelling of the mucous membrane, in many cases breathing difficulties also occur. Protecting the voice is just as helpful as steam inhalations. If the symptoms are severe, the doctor will prescribe medication to inhibit the inflammatory process.