Allergies in Children - Medical Experts

An allergy develops when the immune system mistakenly identifies harmless environmental substances as dangerous. The body then produces antibodies and, upon subsequent contact, releases chemicals that trigger an allergic reaction. This process, known as sensitization, can begin as early as infancy, often before any symptoms even appear.

A major risk factor is genetic predisposition: if one parent has allergies, the likelihood increases; if both parents are affected, the risk is particularly high. External factors such as diet, environmental conditions, and exposure to allergens also play a role in the development of allergies.

Allergy symptoms are varied and depend on the trigger. Typical symptoms include a runny nose, frequent sneezing, itchy and reddened eyes, and an allergic skin reaction characterized by hives or eczema. Some children may also experience a cough or chronic inflammation of the airways.

Possible signs include:

• allergic rhinitis with a runny nose and sneezing
• itchy, watery eyes
• itchy skin, hives, or eczema
• coughing and wheezing

In rare, severe cases, an allergy can trigger anaphylaxis—a life-threatening allergic reaction that requires immediate medical attention.

Various allergic conditions occur in childhood. Among the most common are:

• Hay fever (allergic rhinitis): A pollen allergy in which pollen from grasses, trees, or herbs triggers symptoms—including a runny nose, sneezing, and itchy eyes.
• Pet dander allergy: A reaction to pet hair or dander.
• House dust mite allergy: A reaction to house dust mites found in mattresses, bedding, and upholstery.
• Mold allergy: Triggered by mold in damp rooms.

If left untreated, a pollen allergy can eventually develop into allergic asthma—this so-called “progression” is an important reason to take symptoms seriously early on.

Food allergies are particularly common in childhood. The body reacts to certain food components, such as cow’s milk, eggs, nuts, or fish. Often, such a food allergy becomes apparent as early as infancy, when solid foods are first introduced.

Food allergies can range from skin reactions to gastrointestinal symptoms and even anaphylaxis. Unlike a pollen allergy, some food allergies resolve on their own as the child grows.

If a respiratory allergy remains untreated, allergic asthma can develop. In this condition, the bronchi become inflamed, constrict, and react hypersensitively to irritants. Typical symptoms include coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.

The development of asthma is closely linked to other allergic conditions: Children and adolescents with hay fever, a food allergy, or atopic dermatitis are at increased risk. Asthma or atopic dermatitis often occur alongside other allergies—experts refer to this as the “atopic spectrum.”

If an allergy is suspected, the pediatrician is the first point of contact. After a medical interview regarding symptoms and family history, various allergy tests are performed.

Common procedures include:

• Prick test: A skin allergy test in which potential allergens are applied to the skin.
• Blood test: Detection of specific antibodies in the blood.
• Provocation test: Controlled administration of the suspected trigger under medical supervision.

This helps determine which specific allergen is causing the symptoms.

The goal of any treatment is to relieve symptoms and maintain the child’s quality of life. Different approaches are used depending on the allergy.

• Allergen avoidance: The most effective protection is to avoid contact with allergens.
• Medications: Antihistamines, eye drops, and, if necessary, corticosteroids can relieve symptoms.
• Emergency medication: Children at risk for anaphylaxis need an emergency kit.

These measures treat the symptoms—the underlying cause can be addressed with immunotherapy.

Hyposensitization—also known as specific immunotherapy—is the only treatment that addresses the underlying cause. In this process, the immune system is gradually acclimated to the allergen over an extended period, so that the allergic reaction weakens over time.

Immunotherapy is medically supervised and is suitable for conditions such as hay fever, insect venom allergies, and house dust mite allergies, among others. Whether and when desensitization is appropriate depends on age, the type of allergy, and medical recommendation—regular administration over several years is crucial for success.

1. How can I tell if my child has an allergy?
By symptoms such as a runny nose, sneezing, itchy eyes, a rash, or a cough—often recurring and occurring in specific situations.

2. At what age can allergies begin?
As early as infancy; sensitization can begin before the first symptoms appear.

3. How is an allergy diagnosed in a child?
The pediatrician uses allergy tests, such as skin prick tests or blood tests, to identify the trigger.

4. Can an allergy be cured?
If the underlying cause can be addressed, desensitization therapy may help; otherwise, the symptoms can be effectively alleviated.