Epiglottitis is an acute inflammation of the epiglottis and constitutes a medical emergency. The condition is often caused by a bacterial infection and can become life-threatening within a short period of time. In particular, swelling of the epiglottis can narrow the airways and cause severe shortness of breath.
Typical symptoms of epiglottitis include fever, a sore throat, and difficulty swallowing. In the past, the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae type B was the most common cause of epiglottitis. Thanks to the Hib vaccine, the condition has become significantly less common in children. Nevertheless, epiglottitis can occur in both children and adults. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to preventing complications.
What is epiglottitis?
Acute epiglottitis can be life-threatening, especially in infants and school-age children. The epiglottis swells, and the swelling can spread to the entire larynx. This can lead to life-threatening breathing difficulties.
Prompt action is essential: Children with epiglottitis must be admitted to a hospital and, in some cases, receive intensive care. The calming presence of the parents is particularly important. Any agitation can worsen the child’s breathing difficulties. Irritation of the swollen area can lead to a dramatic deterioration in the child’s condition. This can even lead to cardiac arrest.
Causes of Epiglottitis
In most cases, epiglottitis is a bacterial inflammation of the pharynx and the entrance to the larynx. The causative bacterium is Haemophilus influenzae type B. Children can be vaccinated against Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) at an early age. Less commonly, a viral infection may also be the cause.
If the entrance to the larynx swells shut, less air can reach the lungs, leading to shortness of breath © bilderzwerg | AdobeStock
Symptoms of Epiglottitis
Epiglottitis initially begins with a decline in general well-being, including
- fatigue,
- fatigue, and
- fever.
Very quickly, the typical symptoms appear as a result of swelling of the larynx. These manifest as
- slurred speech,
- severe difficulty swallowing, and
- excessive salivation.
This is accompanied by breathing difficulties with a wheezing, snoring sound during inhalation, known as inspiratory stridor.
Diagnosis of Epiglottitis
The diagnosis is made based on the description of the symptoms and an examination of the throat.
Specialists in the diagnosis and treatment of epiglottitis are otolaryngologists (ENT specialists).
Treatment of epiglottitis
Epiglottitis is treated with antibiotics and, if necessary, intravenous corticosteroids. Ventilation therapy is often required, during which the patient is sedated and occasionally intubated—that is, placed on a ventilator.
A vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is available for prevention. Since the widespread introduction of this vaccine, the incidence of the disease has declined significantly.
FAQ
What is epiglottitis?
Epiglottitis is a life-threatening inflammation of the epiglottis, also known as epiglottitis. Inflammation of the epiglottis leads to rapid swelling of the epiglottis and can significantly narrow the airways. Acute epiglottitis, in particular, requires immediate medical treatment.
What are the symptoms of epiglottitis?
The most common symptoms of epiglottitis include a high fever, severe sore throat, difficulty swallowing, excessive salivation, and shortness of breath. Other typical symptoms include stridor, labored breathing, and a swollen-looking epiglottis. The symptoms of epiglottitis often begin suddenly and worsen within a few hours.
What causes epiglottitis?
For a long time, the most common cause was the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae type B. Today, other pathogens such as streptococci, pneumococci, or Staphylococcus aureus can also trigger a bacterial infection. Causes and risk factors include, in particular, a lack of vaccinations and an increased susceptibility to infections.
How is epiglottitis diagnosed and treated?
If epiglottitis is suspected, diagnosis is performed with particular caution to avoid further irritation of the airways. The diagnosis of epiglottitis is based on clinical signs, laryngoscopy, and additional tests. Treatment includes immediate antibiotic therapy, securing the airway, and, if necessary, intubation, tracheotomy, or cricothyrotomy. Diagnosis and treatment must be performed without delay.
How can epiglottitis be prevented?
The most important measure for preventing epiglottitis is vaccination against Hib. The Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO) recommends Hib vaccination as early as infancy. The introduction of the vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type B has significantly reduced the number of cases. The Hib vaccine provides effective protection against life-threatening inflammation of the epiglottis.
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