Testicular Cancer: Which men are at particular risk, and what actually causes testicular cancer?

Unlike some other types of cancer, such as lung or bladder cancer, there is no evidence of lifestyle-related triggers, such as smoking or frequent exposure to certain chemicals. The fact is that in most cases, it affects men in the age group mentioned above. 

Therefore, it is assumed that precursor cells to cancer cells form in the womb as early as during pregnancy. This may be due to hormonal changes—either in the child or the mother—or to genetic predispositions. Studies show that sons, and especially brothers, of patients are more likely to develop the disease.

Undescended Testicles

Congenital undescended testicles are considered a confirmed risk factor for an increased risk of testicular cancer in men. It does not matter whether this condition was corrected during childhood or not.

Undescended testicles occur in about three percent of all male infants, and in as many as 30 percent of premature infants. In this condition, at least one of the two testicles does not descend into the scrotum but remains in the abdominal cavity or the groin area. This condition is usually corrected within the first year of life to prevent future fertility problems in men. If undescended testicles are treated too late or not at all, the testicles lose their function, resulting in infertility. 

Parents should therefore inform their children about undescended testicles by the time they reach adulthood at the latest, so that they can regularly check their testicles themselves for any changes. There is no general screening program for this condition. A digital rectal exam of the genital organs is only part of prostate cancer screening starting at age 45.

Other Possible Risk Factors

In addition to undescended testicles and genetic predisposition, the following are cited as other possible risk factors for testicular cancer:

• Men with fertility problems 
• Hypospadias (abnormal urethral opening)
• Precursor cells of testicular cancer were found in a testicular tissue sample

There is currently no scientific evidence of external factors. However, since a sharp increase in cases has been observed in recent years, it stands to reason that there may be a connection.

In some cases, the cause of testicular cancer is currently unknown. Since there is no evidence to date that lifestyle factors influence the onset of the disease, you cannot prevent testicular cancer. However, the earlier it is diagnosed, the more effectively the disease can be treated, and in many cases, it can still be cured even if metastases are present. 

Medical professionals and cancer organizations therefore recommend that men aged 15 and older check their testicles for changes about once a month. This is especially important for those with congenital undescended testicles and a family history of the disease. If you notice symptoms such as lumps, swelling, enlargement, etc., and/or experience pain, make an appointment with a urologist as soon as possible to have the symptoms evaluated. You can find more information about the clinical picture, the treatment of testicular cancer, and expert contacts here.