Thyroid nodules - information and specialists

Leading Medicine Guide Editors
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Leading Medicine Guide Editors

Thyroid nodules are common and can occur in many people over the course of their lives. These nodules can be both harmless and malignant and cause various symptoms. In this article, you will learn everything you need to know about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of thyroid nodules. You can also find out more about the specialists who specialize in the treatment of thyroid nodules.

ICD codes for this diseases: E04.1

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Article overview

What are thyroid nodules?

Thyroid nodules are small tissue changes in the thyroid gland that develop in many people over the course of their lives. They can be either benign or malignant. For affected patients, this often means uncertainty and the need for extensive medical information. Thyroid nodules can affect the hormonal balance and lead to hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.

SchilddrüsenknotenThyroid nodules almost never cause symptoms, only when they become very large can they lead to a feeling of pressure or difficulty swallowing @ New Africa /AdobeStock

Symptoms of thyroid nodules

Thyroid nodules often cause no symptoms and are often discovered by chance during routine examinations. If symptoms do occur, they can vary greatly:

  • Difficulty swallowing: A nodule can press on the esophagus and make swallowing difficult.
  • Breathing problems: Larger lumps can constrict the windpipe.
  • Swelling of the neck: Visible or palpable lumps on the neck.
  • Hormonal changes: Hyperfunction can cause symptoms such as nervousness, weight loss and palpitations; hypofunction can cause fatigue, weight gain and sensitivity to cold.

Causes and risk factors

The exact causes of thyroid nodules are not always clear. However, there are some known risk factors:

  • Iodine deficiency: low levels of iodine in the diet can promote the development of nodules.
  • Age: The risk of thyroid nodules increases with age.
  • Gender: Women are more frequently affected than men.
  • Genetic predisposition: A family history of thyroid disease can increase the risk.
  • Exposure to radiation: Previous radiation treatment in the neck area can increase the risk of nodules.

Examination and diagnosis

Thyroid nodules are diagnosed in several steps:

  1. Medical history and physical examination: the doctor palpates the neck and asks about symptoms and medical history.
  2. Ultrasound examination: This method allows nodules to be visualized and their condition to be assessed.
  3. Blood test: Determination of thyroid hormones to detect hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.
  4. Scintigraphy: Examination to differentiate between "hot" (hormone-producing) and "cold" (non-hormone-producing) nodules.
  5. Fine needle biopsy: removal of tissue samples to clarify whether the nodule is benign or malignant.
Ultraschalluntersuchung SchilddrüseUltrasound examination of the thyroid gland @ Peakstock /AdobeStock

Treatment of thyroid nodules

Treatment depends on the type and size of the nodule and the associated symptoms. Treatment options include:

  • Observation: regular check-ups for asymptomatic, benign nodules.
  • Drug therapy: Treatment of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.
  • Radioiodine therapy: Destruction of thyroid tissue in the case of overactive nodules.
  • Surgery: Removal of large, symptomatic or suspicious nodules.

Endocrinologists and otorhinolaryngologists are specialists in the treatment of thyroid nodules.

Progression and prognosis

In most cases, thyroid nodules have a good prognosis. Benign nodules often remain stable or grow only slowly. Malignant nodules, i.e. thyroid cancer, are rarer but can be treated well with early diagnosis and treatment. Regular check-ups and early treatment contribute significantly to a positive prognosis.

Conclusion

Thyroid nodules are common and usually benign. It is important to check the nodules regularly and seek medical advice if you have symptoms. An accurate diagnosis and suitable treatment options ensure a good quality of life and safety for patients. Talk to your doctor about the best examination and treatment options for your individual situation.

References

  • Deutsche Gesellschaft für Endokrinologie (DGE)
  • American Thyroid Association (ATA)
  • Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung (BZgA)
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