There are a variety of methods available for screening the breast for breast cancer. These vary depending on the patient’s age.
The most common examinations are
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used less frequently.
The goal of each of these measures is to detect changes in breast tissue—such as a lump—at an early stage. This allows doctors to begin treatment as quickly as possible in the event of a malignant tumor.
Statutory health insurance plans cover the costs of a range of early detection methods:
- Patients between the ages of 20 and 29: Women in this age group very rarely develop breast cancer. Therefore, the legally mandated list of benefits provided by health insurance plans does not yet include an explicit breast cancer screening. However, health insurance does cover an annual gynecological exam for general cancer screening performed by a gynecologist.
- Women between the ages of 30 and 49 and those aged 70 and older: Health insurance covers the cost of an annual clinical breast exam.
- Women between the ages of 50 and 69: In addition to the annual clinical breast exam, women in this age group receive an invitation every two years to voluntarily participate in a mammography screening.
- High-risk patients: If there is a history of frequent breast cancer in the patient’s family, she is considered a high-risk patient. Previous radiation therapy to the chest area also increases the risk of developing breast cancer. In such cases, more intensive breast cancer screening is recommended. The specifics of this screening should be discussed on a case-by-case basis with the treating gynecologist.
First and foremost, the early detection of breast cancer through regular screening serves to reduce tumor-related deaths.
Small tumors can be treated much more successfully and with fewer side effects than those detected at a later stage. The earlier breast cancer is detected, the better the chances of a complete cure.
In most cases, tumors diagnosed early do not require extensive surgery. This often makes it possible to preserve the breast.
The physical examination
The gynecologist examines the mammary glands and the lymph nodes
- in the armpits,
- at the clavicle, and at the
- sternum
by palpation. The shape and size of the breasts and nipples are also checked.
Gently pressing the nipple is also part of the preventive examination. This is done to check for any discharge.
Mammography Screening
Mammography screening refers to an X-ray of the breast. During the procedure, electromagnetic waves are passed through the breast. Depending on the type of tissue, the X-rays are absorbed to varying degrees.
This produces a very detailed image of the breast. Even very small, non-palpable tumors in an early stage are visible in this image.
Mammography screening is performed by specially trained radiology technicians. The breast images are then evaluated independently by two different radiologists.
Within about seven business days, the patient receives the test results by mail. Those interested can find more detailed information about the mammography screening program for women between the ages of 50 and 69 at mammo-programm.de.
Of course, a mammogram may also be considered for women in other age groups if breast cancer is suspected.
Breast Ultrasound Examination (Mammasonography)
During an ultrasound examination, a transducer is used to send sound waves into the breast tissue. Because the tissue reflects the sound waves to varying degrees depending on its type, an image of the breast structure is created. For example, fatty tissue appears darker, while glandular or connective tissue is significantly lighter.
Overall, however, breast ultrasound is somewhat less accurate than mammography screening. Very small tumors or the calcifications typical of precancerous lesions are particularly difficult to detect. For this reason, breast ultrasound is primarily used as a supplement to mammography when abnormalities suggest the presence of a tumor.
Breast ultrasound is not included as a standalone preventive screening test in the legally mandated list of services covered by health insurance plans. However, some health insurance plans cover the costs as an additional preventive service.
What can I do myself?
You can minimize your personal risk of developing breast cancer by leading a healthy lifestyle:
- Regular exercise,
- a balanced diet, and
- a healthy body weight
have a significant impact on your individual health. Alcohol should be consumed only rarely, and tobacco should be avoided as much as possible.
As part of breast cancer screening, regularly check your breasts yourself for any changes © anna.stasiia | AdobeStock
In addition, regular breast self-exams are an important part of prevention. This helps you develop a better sense of your own body. If you notice any concerning changes, you can consult a doctor immediately.
One week after the start of your period, your breasts are particularly soft. This is the ideal time for a self-exam. Examine your breasts yourself every month.
Perform the exam in good lighting in front of a mirror and also while lying down. You can find more specific tips in the breast exam guide from the Tübingen Women’s Clinic.
Be sure to see your gynecologist if you notice any of the following symptoms:
- A lump in the breast
- Sudden redness that does not go away on its own
- Changes in the nipple, such as inflammation, skin changes, or nipple retraction
- Discharge from the nipple
- New differences between the breasts, such as in size, shape, or how they feel when you raise your arms
Note: Many cases of breast cancer are first detected during a self-exam. However, a self-exam alone is not enough! Be sure to take advantage of all breast cancer screening options.
The ideal scenario is a coordinated combination of the various early detection methods.
A tumor is not always automatically malignant. If changes in the breast are detected during screening exams, this can certainly result in a “false alarm.” This can frighten the patient and cause psychological distress. Along with the radiation dose the patient is exposed to during a mammogram, this is one of the drawbacks of breast cancer screening.
Nevertheless, when detected early, breast cancer is often curable. Many patients can gain many years of life through immediate treatment. In this respect, it is worthwhile for every woman to consider regular breast cancer screening and to take advantage of the available services.
